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Lauren Pardee Ruben's avatar

“Norm-wise, let’s keep in mind that language didn’t come into being because our hairy ancestors were sitting around the veldt with nothing better to do. Language was invented to serve certain specific purposes: ‘That mushroom is poisonous’: ‘Knock these two rocks together and you can start a fire’; ‘This shelter is mine!’ And so on. Clearly, as linguistic communities evolve over time, they discover that some ways of using language are ‘better’ than others—meaning better with respect to the community’s purposes. If we assume that one such purpose might be communicating which foods are safe to eat, then you can see how, for example, a misplaced modifier might violate an important norm: ‘People who eat that kind of mushroom often get sick’ confuses the recipient about whether he’ll get sick only if he eats the mushroom frequently or whether he stands a good chance of getting sick the very first time he eats it. In other words, the community has a vested practical interest in excluding this kind of misplaced modifier from acceptable usage; and even if a certain percentage of tribesmen screw up and use them, this still doesn’t make m.m.’s a good idea.

Maybe now the analogy between usage and ethics is clearer. Just because people sometimes lie, cheat on their taxes, or scream at their kids, this doesn’t mean that they think those things are ‘good.’ The whole point of norms is to help us evaluate our actions (including utterances) according to what we as a community have decided our real interests and purposes are. Granted, this analysis is oversimplified; in practice it’s incredibly hard to arrive at norms and to keep them at least minimally fair or sometimes agree on what they are (q.v. today’s Culture Wars). But the Descriptivists’ assumption that all usage norms are arbitrary and dispensable leads to--well, have a mushroom.”

https://harpers.org/wp-content/uploads/HarpersMagazine-2001-04-0070913.pdf

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